Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild, indirect or vague word or phrase used in place of one that seems too harsh, blunt or embarrassing, as in 'passed away' for died.

Nobody dies in a hospital waiting room. They "pass away", they are "lost", or the family is "very sorry for the loss". These are euphemisms, from the Greek for "speaking well".

Kinds

• Death and illness. "Passed away", "a long illness".
• Bodily matters. "Powder my nose", "restroom".
• Work. "Let go", "downsized", "restructured".
• War and politics. "Collateral damage", "enhanced interrogation".

Some are kind, and some are cover.

Gentle and slippery

A euphemism can be an act of care, as when you soften bad news for a grieving friend. It can also be a way to avoid saying something plainly. "Enhanced interrogation" avoids the word "torture". Writers and editors should be able to tell the two apart, and should watch the point at which a softening becomes a distortion.

In fiction

Euphemism reveals character. A person who says "passed" may be gentle or evasive. A character who always speaks plainly, in a world of euphemism, is a disruption. It is also a source of double entendre and of irony when the mild phrase and the harsh fact collide.

Why it matters to a writer or editor

In clear writing, euphemism is usually a cost, since it makes the reader work. In news and business copy, check that a softer phrase does not mislead. In dialogue, keep it when it tells you something. The contrast with understatement is explored under litotes.

Frequently asked questions

What is the opposite of a euphemism?

A dysphemism, a harsh or insulting word chosen in place of a neutral one, such as 'croak' for die.

Why do people use euphemisms?

To be polite, to soften bad news, to avoid taboo subjects or, less honestly, to hide something unpleasant behind a pleasant phrase.

What is a euphemism treadmill?

The way a polite word picks up the stigma of what it replaced, and needs replacing in turn, as with many terms for toilets.